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1 èì ƱřźƿřƾſŚƴƃ ƵźƄůƲưŬƳřƶƯŚƳ æèîèèééèìêæ ƾĪƿĥƺºƫƺƿżǀƟƽŚƷƆųŚƃƹźǀƯƹ īźưźŵlavandula angustifoliažƹŵƺųƺɛſřžƴśſřƾƿōźśĩ Plutella xylustella (Lep.: Pyralidae)ƾſŚưƫřŢƄěƵźěŜ ƃ Î Ï Î ƾƿŚŞƿŻƁŹōƹ ŹƺěƾƯźŰƯŶǀƘſ *ƹî ƽŷƴſƾƫLjūʃLjū ƾƳŚƸƠƇřźƈƳŚƀƸƯ ƱřźƸţŽŹŶƯŢǀŝźţƵŚĮƄƳřŵƽŻŹƹŚƄĩƵŶĪƄƳřŵƾſŚƴƃ ƵźƄůƵƹźĭçŢƃŹƱLjǀĭƵŚĮƄƳřŵƽŻŹƹŚƄĩƭƺƬƗƵŶĪƄƳřŵƾĪƃżě ƵŚǀĭƵƹźĭÎ Efficacy of essential oil of Lavandula angustifolia on mortality and physiological parameters of diamondback moth, Plutella xylustella (Lep.: Pyralidae) M. Nasr 1, J. Jalali Sendi 1&*, S. Moharramipour 2 and A. Zibaee 1 1. Department of Plant protection, Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran, 2. Department of Entomology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. *Corresponding author, jjalali@guilan.ac.ir ƵŶǀĪģ ŢºŰţPlutella xylustella L.ƾºſŚưƫř ŢƄěƵźěŜƃƽƹŹLavandula angustifoliažƹŵƺųƺɛſřƶśǀĭžƴśſřƾƿōźśĩ ŵźƺºưƾīƿźśºţţɨśºſíƹƾƿśƴƃƹźţɨśſæóƹţŝƺəźŷƈźŵìòtòžƺǀƀƭſƶūźŵïñtçƾʒśįƅƿśưżōƶŷƃ ƩźŤƴĩƎƿřźƃ źŧřŷưōţſŵƶ ŝʈŭůʈŭůŷƈźŵíòööƹíïôíííõòôŝǀţźţ ƶŝžƴśſřƽřźŝlc 50ƹLC 30LC 10ƱřżǀƯŢƟźĭŹřźƣƾŝŚƿŻŹř ÐÑÏÖtÑ ÕÔƹÎÖÏtÐ ÓÎŜǀţźţƶŝƵźě ŜƃƭƺſƲſƹŹLJƽƹŹŽƹŵƺųƺƐſřLC 30ƹLC 10ƵŶƴƄĩźƿŻƽŚƷ ŢƔƬƛŚŝƾĭŶƴƴĩŹƹŵ ŶºƃŹűźƳƹƾŞƀƳƮƌƷŢǀƬŝŚƣƵŶƃƮƌƷƽřŸƛƪƿŶŞţƾƿřŹŚƧƵŶƃ ƵŵŹƺųƽřŸƛƪƿŶŞţƾƿřŹŚƧƝźƈƯƆųŚƃŶƃƶŞſŚŰƯŶƇŹŵ ƽƹźƾʒśǀĭƽśʒžƴśſřźǀŧőţʋǀƴĥưʒŷƃƶŷʒśƅưŷʒśƃśŝƽźřŵ ƾƴƘƯšƹŚƠţƹƾſŹźŝŻƹŹƶſšŶƯŹŵƵŶƃŹŚưǀţƽŚƷƹŹLJŹŵƾŞƀƳ ŹŵŻřźŤſřƹŻřźƠƀƳřźţŽřƱƺǀţŚţƺƬĭŻLjǀƯōŚƠƫōŻŚĜǀƫŻŚŘţƹźěŻŚţŚƠƀƟƲǀƫŚĪƫōŶƿźǀƀǀƬĭ ƽźţƪĩʋǀřţƹźěƾƃźřƺĭƽśʒʈƿżƴōʊřżǀư ĨºƿƱřƺºƴƗƶºŝŽƹŵƺųƺƐºſřƵŚºǀĭŜſŚƴƯƪǀƀƳŚŤěźĮƳŚǀŝźƋŚůŪƿŚŤƳŵřŵƱŚƄƳŶƷŚƃŚŝřŹƽŹřŵ ƾƴƘƯƝLjŤųřƵŶƃ ŹŚưǀţƽŚƷƹŹLJ ŢſřƾƷŚǀĭŐƄƴƯŚŝƂĩƵźƄů ƾĪƿĥƺƫƺƿżǀƟƽŚƷƆųŚƃŢǀưſƾſŚưƫř ŢƄěƵźěŜƃžƳŚſřŽƹŵƺųƺƐſřƽŶǀƬĩƱŚĭĥřƹ Abstract Efficacy of the essential oil of the plant species Lavandula angustifolia on the mortality, physiology and biochemistry of diamondback moth, Plutella xylustella L., was studied under laboratory conditions (24 ± 2ºC, 75 ± 5% R.H. and 16 L: 8 D hours). The LC 10, LC 30 and LC 50 values of the essential oil were estimated as %, 0.270% and 0.599% (V/V), respectively. The repellency effect for the LC 10 and LC 30 concentrations on third instar larvae were 19.2 ± 3.61 and ± 4.87, respectively. The approximate digestibility (AD), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD), relative growth rate (RGR) and relative consumption rate (RCR) for the treated larvae in three days showed significant differences compared with the controls. The effectiveness of plant essential oils on digestive enzymes, total protein, triglycerides, alkaline phosphatase, protease, lipase, alfa amylase, glutathione S-transferase and esterase were also significantly different. Our finding suggests that the essential oil of L. angustifolia can be efficiently used as a botanical insecticide. Key words: Lavandula angustifolia, essential oil, diamond back moth, toxicity, physiological indices ƩƺƈŰƯšŹŚƀųŶƇŹŵîåŚţŚǀſōśƺƴūŹŵŢƟōƲƿř ƵźºěŜºƃ(Verkerk & Wright, 1996)ŶºƃŦºƗŚŝřŹ ƩŚſŹŵDDTƶŝƶĩŵƺŝƾƷŚǀĭŢƟōƲǀƫƹřƾſŚưƫř ŢƄě (Ankersmit, 1953)ŶƃƭƹŚƤƯřƹŚūƹŚƿżƳƹŶƳřŹŵæîÒè ƾƿLJŚŝƾƿŚƳřƺţƪŨƯŶǀƫƺţƽLJŚŝƾƿŚƳřƺţƪǀƫŵƶŝƶƳƺĭƲƿř ƹ(shelton et al., 1993)ŵŹřŵŚƷƂĩ ŢƟōƶŝŢƯƹŚƤƯŹŵ ŢºƯƹŚƤƯƱŚºǀƿŚĜǀƬģŢºƄĩƢƏŚºƴƯŻřƽŹŚǀƀŝŹŵƱƺƴĩř ŻřPlutella xylustella L.ƾºſŚưƫř ŢºƄěƵźºě Ŝƃ źţƃǀŝźŵʊśǀƿśĝǀƭģʊśʒśǀĭšśɵōʋƿźţź ƌưƹʋƿźţɩ ƶưŷƥư ƿśƃ (Talekar & Shelton, 1993)ŢºſřƱŚºƸūƽŚºƷ ŹƺºƄĩ ŹƺºƏƶºŝƹƵŵƺºŝ ƪºƀƳŶƴģƽřŹřŵƾſŚưƫř ŢƄěƵźěŜƃ ƶƨƽźƺə ƶŝţſřżƺěśƿŵŷƣśɵźǀƀưźĭƣəśƴưźŵʃƺưƙư ƱŚºǀƜƏ(Rivnay, 1962)ŶƃŚŝƶŤƃřŵƪƀƳÎÏŚţŶƳřƺţƾƯ æèîèææçåɓźƿÿěæèîèæçíţɵśƿźŵ

2 ƹźǀưƹ īźưźŵlavandula angustifoliažƹŵƺųƺɛſřžƴśſřƾƿōźśĩʊřźśƨưʒƹƾƴśƹơƈřźƈƴðõ ŚºƠƫōƹÑÐÑšŚŤºſřƪǀƫƹŶºƳřƹLJÏÕÍÓ)ƩƺƫŚƴǀƫ ŵƺŝðôòƪǀƴǀěźţ ƽśºʒžƴśºſřƾĭŷƴºƅĩmanzoomi et al. (2010) ƽƹźřźartemisia dracunculusƹlavandula officinalis ŹŵCallosobruchus maculatus (F.)ĨſƺſƚƫŚŝšřźƄů ƲºƿřƩźºŤƴĩřŹŚƷžƳŚſřƲƿřƢƟƺƯšřźŧřƹƾſŹźŝŹŚŞƳř ƽśºʒ žƴśºſřƾºƅĩ ƶºƴĩšřźºŧřŷºƴŵźĩɓźřżºĭţɵō Laurus nobilisƹl. officinalisfoeniculum vulgare Varroa destructor Anderson & TruemanƶºƴĩƽƹŹ ƹŷºƃƾºſźźŝƪƀɨźƺşƴżƾƴƭĩźŵţƿżřźśěʋƿźţʈƹư ŶºƇŹŵƲƿźţLJŚºŝŹŚºƸŝƪºƈƟŹŵŽƹŵƺųƺƐſřžƳŚſř žįưʃźťƴĩźŵ(figen et al., 2012)ŵřŵƱŚƄƳřŹƩźŤƴĩ L. angustifoliaƹmentha piperitaƽśʒžƴśſřżǀƴƾįƴśų žƴśſřźǀŧőţ(bosly, 2013)ŶƳŵřŵƱŚƄƳřŹƾŝƺųƪǀƀƳŚŤě ŜǀºººſƭźºººƧƩƹřƲºººſƹŹLJƽƹŹŽƹŵƺųƺƐºººſř ŢſřƶŤƟźĭŹřźƣƾſŹźŝŵŹƺƯżǀƳCydia pomonella L. (Peter et al., 1999) ŚƷƁƹŹƹŵřƺƯ ŽƹŵƺųƺƐſřƵŚǀĭžƳŚſřƶǀƸţ ƶºǀƹţźƀưřźśťƴřźśưƶŷīƭĭżřźɣƴŵźƺưƶśǀĭīźŝ ŚºŝƹƽŹƹōƖºưūƾƷŵ ƪĭŻřƪŞƣƱŚƯŻŹŵƵŚǀĭƲƿřŶƃ ƶƿśºſǝƿřźºƃźŵʊŷƴśīºƅųżřžěƹƶŷƃƶťƀƃśō ŻřƽźºǀĭžƳŚſřŢƸūŶƃśŚǀſōƾƣźŝśŚǀſōƎſƺţ ƵŚĮŤſŵƲƿřŶƃƵŵŚƠŤſřźŬƳƺƬĩƽźǀĭžƳŚſřƵŚĮŤſŵ řŷºūƶśºǀĭżřřźƾºƴƛƹźžƴśºſřōżºūƶŝōżūźǀɛƥţśŝ ÔÒÍŹŵźºƔƳŵŹƺƯƵŚǀĭŹŵƺěŻřƭźĭÒÍŹŚŝźƷŶƴĩƾƯ ƹƶŷºƃƶŷƴśƀǀųţɨśſïñšŷưƶŝźɛƥưśōƾſƾſ ƾºƴƛƹŹŻŚºƟ.ŶºƃƪƤŤƴƯźŬƳƺƬĩƵŚĮŤſŵƱƺƫŚŝƶŝžĜſ ƾºƴƛƹŹžƳŚºſřƽźºǀĭśōƽřźºŝƹƵŶºƃřŶºūƪƇŚů žƴśºſřŷºƃƶŵśơťºſřʈƿŷſšśơƫƺſżřƶŷưōţſŵƶŝ ŵśºſƺƴǀĝſřƪºũưśʒƃĩ ŢƟōŻřƽŹŚǀƀŝƶŝƾƸūƺţƪŝŚƣ ŚºƷƲƿŵŚºƀĩřƹŚºƷ ƩƹŻƹźǀěŚƷŶǀŗƺƴǀţƺĪǀƳƺŘƳƲǀŤĪƯŹƹō ŚºŝƩźºŤƴĩŵŹƺºƯŹŵ(Sarfraz et al., 2005, 2007)ŵŹřŵ ŻřƽŹŚǀººƀŝŹŵżººǀƳBacillus thuringiensisƽźťƨśººŝ ŢſřƵŶƃƁŹřżĭŢƟōƲƿřŢƯƹŚƤƯƱŚƸūƽŚƷŢưƀƣ ŶƿŶūƽŚƷƁƹŹƲƿżĮƿŚūƲƿřźŝŚƴŝ(Tabashnik, 1994) ƾƷŚǀĭƽŚƷžƳŚſřŢſřƽŹƹźƋŢƟōƲƿřƩźŤƴĩƽřźŝ řźºƿżŷƴºƃśŝ ƾºƯšŚºƟōƢƟƺƯƩźŤƴĩƽřźŝƾŞſŚƴƯƖŝŚƴƯ ƾ޺ſŚƴƯŚƳšřźºŧřƹŶƴŤƀƷƾŝŚŴŤƳřƝŶƷƩƺƈŰƯƽřźŝ (Singh & Upadhyay, 1993; ŶººƳŹřŶƳƎǀººŰƯƽƹŹ ƽśºʒʊśưżśſƶūƺţźƌśůʊźƣźŵisman, 2000, 2006) ƹƾƿśǀưǀºƃƭƺưºſżřƶŵśơťºſřʊŵźĩŵƹŷűưƶŝƾƴśƹū ƵŶºƃƝƺºƐƘƯźºƐųƮĩƭƺưſŚŝŚƷ ƱōƱŵźĩƲƿżĮƿŚū ŶºǀƫƺţÎÖÕÍƩŚſŻřƪŞƣƶĩƾƯƺưſŻřƵŵŚƠŤſřƹŢſř źǀųřʃśſïòƾưƭɨɩŝśƴưŷƴřƶŵźĩƭLjɨřƕƺƴưưřźƶŷƃ ŢºſřƾƷŚǀĭƶƿƺƳŚŧŢǀƫƺŝŚŤƯŜǀĩźţŚƷŶƇƵŶƴƴĩƾƟźƘƯ šřźŧřźƿśſśƿƹƶƿÿɯţƾĭŷƴźřŵżśŝƽśʒţǀƫśƙɵƽřźřŵƶĩ ŶƴŤºƀƷƵŚĮºƄƿŚƯŻōƎǀŰƯŹŵŢƟōšřźƄůƽƹŹƾưſ (Koul & Dhaliwal, 2001; Regnault-Roger et al., 2005) ƽřƶººĥťųźŵlavandula angustifoliažƹŵƺųƺɛ ºſř ƽřźŝʃƹřƶūźŵźŵƶĩţſřʊśǀƿśƴƙƴƶŵřƺƴśųżřƶƫśſŷƴģ ƶºģźĭřŵƺƃƾưţƅĩʊōźɛƙưƽśʒƪĭżřžƴśſř ƶǀƹţ ŢºſřƵŶºƃżºǀƳƽŹŚºŬţƱōĨºƄųƹƵŻŚºţƽŚºƷ ƪºĭ ƽřźřŵžƹŵƺųƺɛºſřžƴśºſř(renaud et al., 2001) ŢſřƾƄƿřŹōƖƿŚƴƇƹƽŻŚſźƐƗŹŵƵŵźŤƀĭƽŚƷ ŵźŝźśĩ ƹƾĭŵźƀɵřŷƌųơƴŷƌƃŵŝƃưřźōƅřƺųƽřźřŵƹ Źŵ(Cavanagh & Wilkinson, 2005)ŶƃŚŝƾƯƾŝŚƸŤƫřŶƋ ŽƹŵƺųƺƐſřƾƴƛƹŹžƳŚſřVerma et al. (2010)ƾſŹźŝ ŢºƟźĭŹřźƣƪǀƬŰţƶƿżŬţŵŹƺƯŶƴƷŶƴƸĩřźţƹřƶƤƐƴƯŹŵ ƪǀĪºƄţřŹƲºƛƹŹÖÔÕÎƶĩŵƺŝŜǀĩźţÐÔƪƯŚƃƶĩ ÑÔÓÒƪºǀƫŚƴǀƫšŚŤºſřƪƯŚºƃƾƬƇřƽřżūřŵřŵƾƯ

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4 ƹźǀưƹ īźưźŵlavandula angustifoliažƹŵƺųƺɛſřžƴśſřƾƿōźśĩʊřźśƨưʒƹƾƴśƹơƈřźƈƴñí ƶºŝƾƴśºǀưɲźºɠżřśºʒƹźljţºĩźůƶºĩ ƽźƺəƶŝŷƃ ŢƫƺƸºſƶºŝƎºŝřŹƽŚºƷƶºƫƺƫƢºƿźƏŻřƾŞƳŚºūƝƹźƓ žƴśſřƾĭŷƴƴĩźƹŵţǀƫśƙɵƾſźźŝƽřźŝŵƺŝźƿÿěʊśīưř šźśºƀųźºěƶƭůźưƭƺſʋſƽśʒƹźljƽƹźźɣƴŵźƺư žƴśºſřlc 30 ƹlc 10 ƵŶƴºƄĩźƿŻŢºƔƬƛƹŵƵźºě Ŝƃ ƎººſƹƝźººƓƲǀƟźººƏƝźººƓƹŵŹŵŶººƃśŚººŴŤƳř ƶťƃřÿĭřżƭĩżřźťưƾťƴśſƃƃźɛƣƶŝƾĭźŝƽśʒ Ĩƀƿŵ ƹʃƺƴśťưźťǀƫƾƭǀưʀƿśŝǝƥɵīźŝŷʒśƃɲźɠźŵŷƃ LC 30 ƹlc 10 ŢººƔƬƛƹŵŚ ºŝīźººŝŹŚ ºưǀţƝƹź ºƓŹŵ ŹŵƂƿŚºƯŻōƲºƿřŵƺŝƵŶƃƶŤƄƛōźƔƳŵŹƺƯƽŚƷžƳŚſř ƹźljŵŷɨîíŵřŷƙţźřźīţźʒźŵƹŷƃƭśŭƴřźřźīţūƴě ƵŶƃƽŹřŵƶĮƳƶƴſźĭŢƗŚſŹŚƸģšŶƯƶŝƶĩƭƺſƲſ ŢƗŚºſÏÑŻřžºěŶƳŶºƃŚƷŹƾƳŚǀƯƝźƓŹŵŶƳŵƺŝ ŶººƇŹŵƹƁŹŚưººƃƝźººƓźººƷŹŵšřźººƄůŵřŶººƘţ ƶşſśűưźƿżʃƺưźɵƣşəžƴśſřʊƺǀſljƺưźɵƾĭŷƴƴĩźƹŵ (Liu et al., 2006)Ŷƃ CƶºƐŝřŹƲƿřŹŵRepellency (%) = (C E) / T) 100 ŹŚưǀţƝźƓŹŵƹŹLJŵřŶƘţEŶƷŚƃƝźƓŹŵƹŹLJŵřŶƘţ ŶƃŚŝƾƯƹŹLJƪĩŵřŶƘţTƹ ƾƷŚǀĭƽŚƷžƳŚſřźǀŧŐţƾſŹźŝŢƸūŚƷ ƶƴƺưƴƽżśſƶŵśưō ƾƿŚǀưǀƃƺǀŝšŚŞǀĩźţŻřƾųźŝƽƹŹ ƪºƬƗƾſŹźŝŢƸūƾƿŚǀưǀƃƺǀŝƽŚƷƂƿŚƯŻōƭŚŬƳř ŶƃƭŚŬƳřžƳŚſřŚŝƵŶƃŹŚưǀţƽŚƷ ƹźljźŵĩƿĥƺƫƺƿżǀɵ ƵźºěŜºƃƭƺºſƲºſƽŚºƷ ƹźljżřźƺºɣƴưʋºƿřƽřźºŝ ƽśºʒīźŝżřţɨśſñõƹïñšŷưƶŝƶĩƾſśưƫřţƅě ƵŵźºĩƶƿŸƜţźƔƳŵŹƺƯžƳŚſřLC 50 ŢƔƬƛŚŝƵŶƃŹŚưǀţ ŻřŚºƷ ƹźljƶżřŷºƴřƾīģƺºĩƪǀƫŵƶŝŷƃƶŵśơťſřŷƴŵƺŝ ƲºƿřƶºŝŶºƃƵŵŚƠŤºſřŚºƷ ƮƿżƳōũřźŴŤſřƽřźŝƱŶŝƪĩ żƿśºƴĥƺưʒżřžºěƶŷºƃ ŹŚưǀţƹŹLJƱŶŝƪĩƶĩšŹƺƇ ƶºŝźƹŵîðíííźŵƾťºſŵźżƿśƴĥƺưʒżřƶŵśơťſřśŝʊŷƃ ŽƺǀººƀƬſƶººūŹŵŹŚººƸģƽŚººƯŵŹŵƶººƤǀƣŵÎÒšŶ ºƯ ƽśºʒʃƺºưźɵżřƽřƶºƿÿɯţƽśºʒ ƆųŚºƃƲǀºǀƘţƽřźºŝ ŶƃƵŵŚƠŤſřWaldbauer (1968)ƎſƺţƵŶƃƶŗŹř (AD) 1 ƾŞƀƳƮƌƷŢǀƬŝŚƣ ƱŻƹW i ƶºɛŝřźʋºƿřźŵad = [(W i W f ) / W i ] 100 tʊśºưżżřžěƹźljźʒƽřżřƶŝƶŷƃ ƵŵŹƺųƽřŸƛĨƄų ŜƀůźŝƹŵźƷƵŶƃŶǀƫƺţšLJƺƌƟĨƄųƱŻƹW f ƹ ŶƃŚŝƾƯƭźĭƾƬǀƯ (ECI) 2 ƵŶƃƵŵŹƺųƽřŸƛƪƿŶŞţƾƿōŹŚĩ ƱŻƹW o ƶºɛŝřźʋƿřźŵeci = [(W t W o ) / W i ] 100 ĨºƄųƱŻƹW t ƹƶºƿÿɯţżřƪºşƣƶźºƅůƶºǀƫƹřĩƅų ƹŵźʒt t šŷưźŵƾƿřÿƛʈƿĥźżřƶƿÿɯţżřžěƶźƅů ŶƃŚŝƾƯƭźĭƾƬǀƯŜƀůźŝ (ECD) 3 ƵŶƃƮƌƷƽřŸƛƪƿŶŞţƾƿōŹŚĩ ECD = [(W t W o ) / (W i W f ) 100 (RCR) 4 ƾŞƀƳƝźƈƯűźƳ ƶºƿÿɯţʊśºưżt t ƶºɛŝřźʋƿřźŵrcr = W i / (T t W o ) ŶƃŚŝƾƯŻƹŹŜƀůźŝřŸƛŻřƵźƄů 1 Approximate digestibility 2 Efficacy of conversion of ingested food 3 Efficacy of conversion of digested food 4 Relative consumption rate (RGR) 5 ƾŞƀƳŶƃŹűźƳ RGR = (W t W o ) / (T t W o ) 5 Relative growth rate ƾƷŚǀĭƽŚƷžƳŚſřƾĭŶƴƴĩŹƹŵŢǀƫŚƘƟƾſŹźŝ ŽƹŵƺųƺƐſřžƳŚſřƾĭŶƴƴĩŹƹŵźŧřƾſŹźŝƽřźŝ ŶƃƵŵŚƠŤſřźǀǀƜţƾĩŶƳřŚŝSmith et al. (1994)ƁƹŹŻř ŹřŵƁƺºě ŹŵƪĪºƃ ƾŞƘĪƯƾĪǀŤſLjěƝźƓŢưſƹŵŹŵ ŚŝűřŹƺſźƷƹŶƃƶǀŞƘţƾųřŹƺſźŤƯƾƬǀƯÓÒƮŬůƶŝ ƹŵʃƺəƹźťưƾƭǀưƶſźɛƣƶŝƾīǀťſLjěƶƫƺƫĩƿĩưĩ ƪºƈŤƯŵŚƘŝřƱŚưƷŚŝźĮƿŵƾĪǀŤſLjěƝźƓƶŝźŤƯƾŤƳŚſ

5 ÑÎÎÐîèéèéƱřźƿřƾſŚƴƃ ƵźƄůƲưŬƳřƶƯŚƳ ƵŶºƳřƺųźŤƯƺƳŚºƳÐÑÍũƺºƯƩƺƏŹŵ(OD)śŸūƱřżǀƯ Ŷƃ ŻřŻŚĜǀƫƱřżǀƯƽźǀĭƵŻřŶƳřƽřźŝŻŚĜǀƫŢǀƫŚƘƟƽźǀĭ ƵŻřŶƳř ƲºƿřƽřźºŝŶºƃƵŵŚƠŤºſřTsujita et al. (1989)ƁƹŹ ÎÍƹšŚƠººƀƟźƟŚººŝźººŤǀƫƹźĪǀƯÑÍŹřŶººƤƯŹƺººƔƴƯ ƽřźťºƀŝƺſʊřƺºƴɨƶºŝp-nitrophenyl butyrateźťǀƫƹźīǀư ÎÍƱŶƃƶƟŚƋřŻřžěƹŢƟźĭŹřźƣƵŵŚƠŤſřŵŹƺƯŻŚĜǀƫ žĝºſŷºƃƶŝƺīƴřƶƥǀƣŵîíšŷưƶŝƶƴƺưƴźťǀƫƹźīǀư ÑÍÒƽŚºƷ ũƺºưʃƺəźŵƹƶɵśƌřnaohźťǀƫƹźīǀưóí ŶƃŢŞŧƹƵŶƳřƺųÑÖÏƹÑÒÍ ƽźºǀĭƶżřŷºƴřƽřźŝżśţśơƀɵʋǀƫśīƫōţǀƫśƙɵƽźǀĭ ƵŻřŶƳř ƎſƺţƵŶƃƶŗřŹřƁƹŹŻřŻŚţŚƠƀƟƲǀƫŚĪƫōƮƿżƳōŢǀƫŚƘƟ źºťǀƫƹźīǀưòíźřŷºƥưŷƃƶŵśơťſřbessey et al. (1946) ŻřźºŤǀƫƹźºĪǀƯÐÍŚºŝƵřźºưƷÕƶŤƿŶǀſřŚŝšŚƠƀƟźƟŚŝ ŵźƺºưřźťºƀŝƺſʊřƺƴɨƶŝp-nitrophenyl phosphateʈƿżƴō ƱōƶºŝƶºƳƺưƳŻřźºŤǀƫƹźĪǀƯÎÒƹŢºƟźĭŹřźºƣƵŵŚƠŤſř ŶƃŢŗřźƣźŤƯƺƳŚƳÑÍÒũƺƯƩƺƏŹŵƹƶƟŚƋř ƱřżºǀƯƽźºǀĭƵŻřŶºƳřƽřźºŝŻřźŤºſřŢǀƫŚƘƟƽźǀĭ ƵŻřŶƳř ŶºƃƵŵŚƠŤſřHan et al. (1995)ƁƹŹŻřŻřźŤſřŢǀƫŚƘƟ šśťſřƪǀťơƴśťŝśƿšśťſřƪǀťơƴśơƫōźťǀƫƹźīǀưòíźřŷƥư ƹƶťŵƿźřżǀƫřţǀƭěźŵƺƭŝţƫśſźōźōźťǀƫƹźīǀưòíƹ śÿūʊřżǀưŷƃƶɵśƌřƶƴƺưƴżřźťǀƫƹźīǀưïíʊřżǀưƶŝ ŹŚºŝĨºƿƶǀƳŚŧÎÍźƷƶƤǀƣŵƦƿšŶƯƶŝźŤƯƺƳŚƳÑÒÍŹŵ ŶƃƵŶƳřƺų ƽřźºŝżřźơºƀƴřźţ ŽřƱƺǀţŚºţƺƬĭŢºǀƫŚƘƟƽźºǀĭ ƵŻřŶƳř ŻřŻřźƠºƀƳřźţŽřƱƺǀţŚºţƺƬĭŢºǀƫŚƘƟƱřżǀƯƽźǀĭƵŻřŶƳř ÎÍŹřŶººƤƯŶººƃƵŵŚƠŤººſřOppenorth (1979)ƁƹŹ CDNBźºŤǀƫƹźĪǀƯÏÍƹƵŶºƃ ŚǀůřƱƺǀţŚţƺƬĭźŤǀƫƹźĪǀƯ ƵŵŚƠŤºſřŵŹƺºƯƪƇŚůƲǀƄƳƹŹƂŴŝƹŶƃĥƺǀƠƿźŤƳŚſ ŢƟźĭŹřźƣ ŢºƸūŶƿźºƀǀƬĭƽźţƹƪĩƲǀŘţƹźěƱřżǀƯƽźǀĭƵŻřŶƳř Lowry et al. (1951)ƁƹŹŻřƪºĩƲǀŘţƹźºěƽźǀĭƵŻřŶƳř ŢǀĩŻřƵŵŚƠŤſřŚŝŶƿźǀƀǀƬĭƽźţƽźǀĭ ƵŻřŶƳřŶƃƵŵŚƠŤſř Fossati & Prencipe (1982)ƁƹŹŚŝƢŝŚƐƯƹƱřźƿřƮĩƺǀŝ ŢǀĩŹŵŵƺūƺƯƝźƘƯźŤǀƫƹźĪǀƯÎÍÍŹřŶƤƯŶƃƭŚŬƳř ĥƺǀơƿźťƴśſżřƪƈśůʋǀƅƴƹźʃƺƭűưżřźťǀƫƹźīǀưïíƹ ƱŶƃƶŝƺĪƳřŻřŶƘŝƶƤǀƣŵÏÍƹŶƃƶŤŴƿŹřżǀƫřŢǀƬěŹŵ ĨºƳLjŝƽřźºŝŶºƃŢºŗřźƣźŤƯƺƳŚƳÒÑÒũƺƯƩƺƏŹŵ ŶºƃƵŵŚƠŤºſřźºƐƤƯśōźŤǀƫƹźĪǀƯÏÍŻřƶƳƺưƳƽŚūƶŝ ŶƿźǀºƀǀƬĭƽźţŵŹřŶƳŚŤſřƾƴŰƴƯŻřƵŵŚƠŤſřŚŝƪĩƾŝźģ ŶƃƲǀǀƘţ ƱřżºǀƯƽźǀĭƵŻřŶƳřƽřźŝŻLjǀƯōŚƠƫōŢǀƫŚƘƟƽźǀĭƵŻřŶƳř ŹřŶƤƯŶƃƵŵŚƠŤſřBernfeld (1955)ƁƹŹŻřŻLjǀƯōŚƠƫō ƦºƿƶŤſŚƄƳźŤǀƫƹźĪǀƯÎÒƹšŚƠƀƟźƟŚŝźŤǀƫƹźĪǀƯÑÍ ŹřźºƣƵŵŚƠŤºſřŵŹƺºƯŻLjǀºƯōƽřźŤºƀŝƺſƱřƺƴƗƶŝŶƇŹŵ ƶºŝƶºƴƺưƴźºťǀƫƹźīǀưîíʊŷƃƶɵśƌřżřžěƹţɵźĭ ƶºŝƺīƴřžƺǀºƀƭſƶºūźŵðòƽśºưŵźŵƶƥǀƣŵðíšŷư DNSƾºĮƳŹƝźƘƯźŤǀƫƹźĪǀƯÓÍƱŵƹżƟřŚŝžĜſŶƃ ÒÑÍũƺºƯƩƺºƏŹŵƶºƤǀƣŵÎÍšŶºƯƶºŝƱŶƳŚƃƺūƹ ŶƃƵŶƳřƺųźŤƯƺƳŚƳ ƱřżºǀƯƽźºǀĭƵŻřŶºƳřƽřźºŝŻŚŘţƹźěŢǀƫŚƘƟƽźǀĭ ƵŻřŶƳř ÕÍŹřŶºƤƯŶºƃƵŵŚƠŤſřCohen (1993)ƁƹŹŻřŻŚŘţƹźě ƽřźťºƀŝƺſżřźºťǀƫƹźīǀưñíšśơƀɵźɵśŝżřźťǀƫƹźīǀư ƹƶºťŵƿźţºǀƭěźŵƶƴƺưƴżřźťǀƫƹźīǀưïíƹʋǀŝƺƭĭƺưʒ ƱŵźºƧƶƟŚºƋřŚŝžĜſŶƃƶŝƺĪƳřƶƤǀƣŵÎÏÍšŶƯƶŝ ƹðíŷǀºſřĩǀťºſřƹźƭĩ ƽźºţtcaźºťǀƫƹźīǀưîíí ŹƹŵÎÐÍÍÍŹŵƶºƤǀƣŵÒšŶºƯƶºŝƱŵźºƧĥƺǀƠƿźŤƳŚºſ

6 ƹźǀưƹ īźưźŵlavandula angustifoliažƹŵƺųƺɛſřžƴśſřƾƿōźśĩʊřźśƨưʒƹƾƴśƹơƈřźƈƴñï ƾƿōŹŚĩƆųŚƃƽƹŹŽƹŵƺųƺƐſřžƳŚſřźǀŧŐţƾŝŚƿŻŹř ƾſŚưƫřŢƄěƵźě ŜƃƭŹŚƸģƲſƹŹLJŹŵƶƿŸƜţ źɣƴŵźƺưƾʒśǀĭžƴśſřżřƪƈśůźǀŧőţƾſźźŝźŵ ƵźºěŜºƃƭŹŚºƸģƲºſƽŚºƷƹŹLJƶºƿŸƜţƾƿřŹŚºĩƽƹŹ ECIƽřƶºƿŸƜţƽŚºƷ ƆųŚºƃÐƩƹŶūƾſŚưƫř ŢƄě ƱŚºƄƳŶƷŚºƃƶŝŢŞƀƳƽŹřŵƾƴƘƯƂƷŚĩECDƹRGR F = Ô ÒÔdf = ç, ÎÎP < å åææŝºǀţźţƶºŝŷºƴŵřŵ P < å åæìƹf = Ò ìðdf = ÎÎP < å åçñ ƱřżºǀƯƂƿřżƟřžƳŚſřŹŚưǀţŹŵF = Ó ÓÐdf = ç, ÎÎ šƹśºơţŵƺºşƴźřŵ ƾºƴƘƯƾºƫƹŶºƃƵŶƷŚƄƯƾŞƀƳƮƌƷ ŹŚºưǀţƽřźºŝƶºŤƟŹŹŚĩƶŝŢƔƬƛƶƀƿŚƤƯŹŵƵŶƃƵŶƷŚƄƯ ç, ŵƺşƴźřŵƾƴƙưżǀƴžƴśſř ƾƿŚǀưǀºƃƺǀŝƽŚºƷƾĭĦƿƹźŝźƔƳŵŹƺƯƾƷŚǀĭ žƴśſřźǀŧőţ ƾſŚưƫřŢƄěƵźě ŜƃƽŚƷƹŹLJ ƹçñlc 50 ŢƔƬƛŹŵŽƹŵƺųƺƐſřƵŚǀĭžƳŚſř źǀŧőºţòƹñƽśºʒ ƩƹŶºūŹŚºưǀţŻřŶºƘŝŢƗŚºſÑí ƾƃŹřƺĭźǀƛƹƾƃŹřƺĭƽŚƷƮƿżƳōƱřżǀƯƽƹŹƽŹřŵƾƴƘƯ ŚºŝƶºƀƿŚƤƯŹŵƶºĩƽŹƺºƏ ƶŝţƃřŵƶŷƃźśưǀţƽśʒƹźlj ŻŚţŚƠƀƟƲǀƫŚĪƫōŻŚĜǀƫƱřżǀƯŹŵƽŹřŵƾƴƘƯƂƷŚĩŶƷŚƃ ŹŚºưǀţŻřŶºƘŝŢƗŚºſçÑŻřźƠºƀƳřźţŽřƱƺǀţŚţƺƬĭƹ F = Ô ÖÐdf = æ, ÒP < å ååæŝǀţźţƶŝŷƃƶŷʒśƅư P < å ååçƹf = ÎÎÒídf = ÒP < å åçô ƾƃŹřƺĭƽŚƷƮƿżƳōźƿŚſŵŹƺƯŹŵF = ÑÓÐÕdf = æ, Ò ŵƺºşƴźřŵ ƾºƴƘƯƾºƫƹŶºƃƵŶƷŚƄƯŶƷŚƃƶŝŢŞƀƳšƹŚƠţ ƹżřźťºſřżśţśơƀɵʋǀƫśīƫōżLjǀưōśơƫōŷƿźǀƀǀƭĭ ƽźţʊřżǀư ƂƷŚºĩŹŚºưǀţŻřŶƘŝŢƗŚſÑÕŻřźƠƀƳřźţŽřƱƺǀţŚţƺƬĭ P < å åæíŝºǀţźţƶºŝţƃřŵŷʒśƃƶŝţşƀƴƽźřŵ ƾƴƘƯ df = F = æ, ÒP < ÖÔÕÍdf = æ, å åååòf = æ, ÎÑÔÍdf = æ, ÒP < å åååóf = ÎÍÎÐÍ P < å åååîƹf = ÖÐÔÒÍdf = æ, ÒP < å åååî Ò F = ÐÕÑÓÏdf = æ, Ò ƱōƶºŝƶºƳƺưƳŻřźºŤǀƫƹźĪǀƯÑÍƹƶºŤŴƿŹřżǀƫřŢǀƬěŹŵ ƶºŝźťưƺƴśºƴðñíũƺºưʃƺəźŵśÿūʊřżǀưŷƃƶɵśƌř ŶƃŢŗřźƣŹŚŝĨƿƶǀƳŚŧÎÍźƷƶƬƇŚƟƶŝƶƤǀƣŵƦƿšŶƯ ƽźśưōƶƿżŭţ ŚºŝƾŬƴºſŢºƀƿŻƱƺƯŻōŻřƪƇŚůƽŚƷƵŵřŵżǀƫŚƳō (Leora Software, 1987)POLO-PCŹřżºƟř ƭźƴżřƶŵśơťſř ƱŵƺºŝƩŵŚºƘƯƹƱŵƺºŝƽŻřƺƯƉźƟŹŚĩŵƺųŹƺƏƶ ŝƶĩ LC 50 ƱřżºǀƯƹƭŚŬƳřŶƴĩƾƯƱƺƯŻōřŹƱƺǀſźĭŹƍƺƐų ƽźºſʋºƿřżřƪºƈśůƪºǀƭűţƶºƿżŭţŷºƃɔŵºƅư ŹŵŹřŵƾƴƘƯƝLjŤųřƪƣřŶůƶŝƾŝŚƿŢſŵƽřźŝŚƷ ƱƺƯŻō ŚºŝƾƟŵŚºƈţľLjƯŚºĩŭźºƏƁƹŹƶºŝƶºƏƺŝźƯƽŚºƷƵŵřŵ ŚºŝÒŮƐºſŹŵƾĩƺºţƽřƶºƴƯřŵŶºƴģƱƺƯŻōŻřƵŵŚƠŤſř ŹřżºƟř ƭźƴƶŝŵƹźƹżřƪşƣśʒƶŵřŵŷƃƭśŭƴřsasźřżɵř ƭźƴ ŶƳŶƃŜţźƯExcelŹřżƟřƭźƳŻřƵŵŚƠŤſřŚŝSAS ŪƿŚŤƳ Ƶźººě ŜººƃƽƹŹŽƹŵƺųƺƐººſř žƴśººſřŵśººůţǀư ºſ ƾſŚưƫřŢƄě ƲºſƹŹLJƽƹŹŽƹŵƺųƺƐſřžƳŚſřŵŚůŢǀưſ ƵŶºƃƵŵřŵƱŚƄƳÎƩƹŶūŹŵƾſŚưƫřŢƄěƵźě Ŝƃƭƺſ ŚºŝźºŝřźŝŽƹŵƺųƺƐſřžƳŚſřƽřźŝLC 50 ƱřżǀƯŢſř ŻřžºěƮºŬůƮºŬůŶºƇŹŵÍÐÖÓÍÕÎÎÍÒÖÖ ŶƯōŢſŵƶ ŝţɨśſôïţƃÿĭ ƾĭŶƴƴĩŹƹŵƽƹŹŽƹŵƺųƺƐſř žƴśſřźǀŧőţ ƾĭŶºƴƴƧŹƹŵźºŧřŻřƪºƇŚůžƳŚƿŹřƹƶƿżŬţŪƿŚŤƳ ƱŚºƄƳƾſŚưƫřŢƄěƵźě ŜƃƭƺſƲſƹŹLJƽƹŹžƳŚſř ŹŵŽƹŵƺųƺƐºſřžƳŚºſřƾĭŶºƴƴƧŹƹŵŶºƇŹŵƶƧŵřŵ ƝLjŤººųřÒŮƐººſŹŵLC 10 ƹlc 30 ƽśººʒţººɣƭƛ F = Ó æôdf = æ, ÖP < å åèìţºƃřŵƽźřŵ ƾºƴƘƯ ÏƩƹŶū

7 ÑÐÎÐîèéèéƱřźƿřƾſŚƴƃ ƵźƄůƲưŬƳřƶƯŚƳ ƾſŚưƫřŢƄěƵźě ŜƃƭƺſƲſƹŹLJƽƹŹŽƹŵƺųƺƐſřžƳŚſřLC 50 ƹlc 30 LC 10 ƾƴǀưŴţźƿŵŚƤƯæƩƹŶū Table 1. Estimated LC 10, LC 30 and LC 50 of lavender essential oil on 3 rd instar larvae of diamond back moth. Essential oil Lavandula angustifolia LC 10 (%) confidence limit 95% ( ) LC 30 (%) confidence limit 95% ( ) LC 50 (%) confidence limit 95% ( ) ƾſŚưƫřŢƄěƵźě ŜƃƭƺſƲſƹŹLJƽƹŹŽƹŵƺųƺƐſřžƳŚſřŹŚǀƘƯƝřźŰƳř±ƾĭŶƴƴĩŹƹŵŶƇŹŵƲǀĮƳŚǀƯçƩƹŶū Table 2. The mean percentage repellency (± standard error) of lavender essential oil on 3 rd instar larvae of diamond back moth. Concentration Lavandula angustifolia P-value %LC ± 3.61 b %LC ± 4.87 a ƾſŚưƫřŢƄěƵźě ŜƃƭŹŚƸģƲſƹŹLJƽřƶƿŸƜţƽŚƷ ƆųŚƃƽƹŹŽƹŵƺųƺƐſřžƳŚſřźǀŧŐţèƩƹŶū Table 3 The effect of lavender essential oil on feeding indices of 4 th instar larvae of diamond back moth. Essential oil (%) AD* (%) ECD* (%) ECI* (%) RCR* RGR* (mg/mg/insect) (mg/mg/insect) Control ± 4.34 a ± 2.95 a 8.51 ± 0.93 a ± 1.39 a 2.83 ± 0.40 a LC ± 4.31 a ± 1.60 b 5.58 ± 0.70 b ± 1.04 a 1.77 ± 0.21 b LC ± 3.54 a 9.53 ± 0.84 b 5.97 ± b ± a 1.86 ± b Within columns, means followed by the same letter do not differ significantly (P > 0.05). * See text for abbreviation. ƵźºěŜºƃƭƺºſƲºſƹŹLJƽƹŹƾƿŚǀưǀºƃƺǀŝšŚºŞǀĩźţƾºƌƘŝƽƹŹŽƹŵƺųƺƐſřžƳŚſřLC 50 ŢƔƬƛźǀŧŐţÑƩƹŶū ŹŚưǀţŻřŶƘŝŢƗŚſçÑƾſŚưƫř ŢƄě Table 4. Effects of lavender essential oil under the LC 50 concentration on some biochemical compounds of 3 rd instar larvae of diamond back (24 h after treatment). Essential oil Protein Triglyceride á-amylase Lipase Protease AP 1 GST 2 Esterase (od/min) (mg/ml) (*) (**) (od/min) (*) (*) (*) Control ± 1.63 a 1.29 ± 0.15 a 2.15 ± 0.03 a ± a ± 3.01 a 2.24 ± 0.36 a 4.44 ± a ± 0.76 a Lavender a 0.94 ± 0.03 a 1.04 ± 0.4 a ± b ± 4.06 a 1.24 ± 0.04 b 2.47 ± b ± 1.27 a Means with similar letters in each column are not significantly different (Tukey, P < 0.05). 1 Alkaline phosphatase; 2 Glutathione S-transferase. * µmol/min/mg protein; ** nmol/min/mg protein. ƵźºěŜºƃƭƺºſƲºſƹŹLJƽƹŹƾƿŚǀưǀºƃƺǀŝšŚºŞǀĩźţƾºƌƘŝƽƹŹŽƹŵƺųƺƐſřžƳŚſřLC 50 ŢƔƬƛźǀŧŐţÒƩƹŶū ŹŚưǀţŻřŶƘŝŢƗŚſÑíƾſŚưƫř ŢƄě Table 4. Effects of lavender essential oil under the LC 50 concentration on some biochemical compounds of 3 rd instar larvae of diamond back (48 h after treatment). Protein Triglyceride á-amylase Lipase Protease AP 1 GST 2 Esterase Essential oil (od/min) (mg/ml) (*) (**) (od/min) (*) (*) (*) Control ± 2.81 a 1.28 ± a 2.91 ± 0.15 a ± a ± 2.86 a 3.97 ± 0.21 a ± a ± 0.51 a Lavender a 0.94 ± 0.03 b ± 0.18 b ± 0.01 a ± 5.42 a ± 0.19 b 6.85 ± 0.31 b ± 0.51 b Means with similar letters in each column are not significantly different (Tukey, P < 0.05). 1 Alkaline phosphatase; 2 Glutathione S-transferase. * µmol/min/mg protein; ** nmol/min/mg protein.

8 ƹźǀưƹ īźưźŵlavandula angustifoliažƹŵƺųƺɛſřžƴśſřƾƿōźśĩʊřźśƨưʒƹƾƴśƹơƈřźƈƴññ ƾĭŶƴƴĩŹƹŵ(Shekari et al., 2008)ŵƺŝƲƿźţƮĩÍÓÏÒ ŹŚºưǀţŹŵšƺºţŹřƺºų īźºŝƭźĩƶƿÿɯţƽśʒ ƆųŚƃƹ ŶƃƾſŹźŝżǀƳKhosravi et al. (2010)ƎſƺţA. annua ƱřżºǀƯƵŹŚºƈƗŢºƔƬƛƂƿřżºƟřŚºŝƶƧŵřŵƱŚƄƳŪƿŚŤƳ ƾººſŹźŝŹŵƲǀººƴĤưƷŢººƟŚƿƂƿřżººƟřƾĭŶººƴƴĩŹƹŵ ŶƃŹŢǀưſƽƹŹŚƷžƳŚſřHasheminia et al. (2011) ƾƿŚǀưǀºƃƽŚºƷŢºǀƫŚƘƟƹƽř ƶƿÿɯţƽśʒɔųśƃƺưƴƹ ƱřżºǀƯƲƿźºţƮºĩƹŶƴŤºƃřŸĭźǀŧŐºţƮƬĩĨģƺĩƵŶǀƠſ ƹçîíçóŝºǀţźţƶºŝíóçòţɣƭƛźŵƾĭŷƴƴĩźƹŵ Artemisia millefolium L.ƹA. annuaƽřźºŝññîõò żºǀƴƶŷºƃ ƾºſŹźŝƾƷŚǀĭƶƳƺĭÏÔƲǀŝŹŵŶƯōŢſŵƶ ŝ ŻřƹƶŤºƃřŵřŹƾĭŶºƴƴĩŹƹŵźǀŧŐţƲƿźţLJŚŝŽƹŵƺųƺƐſř ŜǀºſƽŚºƷƵƺºǀƯƝźºƏƶºŝšŚºƳƺŘƳƽŚºƷ ƹźljţĩźů ŪƿŚŤƳƾſŹźŝ(Peter et al., 1999)ŢſřƵŵźĩƽźǀĭƺƬū žƴśººſřƶººĩŵřŵʊśººƅƴźººƌśůƣººǀƥűţżřƪººƈśů ƲºſƹŹLJƽƹŹƾĭŶƴƴĩŹƹŵšřźŧřƽřŹřŵŽƹŵƺųƺƐſř ŚºŝƱřƺºţƾºƯƲƿřźŝŚºƴŝŢſřƾſŚưƫřŢƄěƵźě Ŝƃƭƺſ řźţºɵōƶźƅůžƴśſřƶŷƴƅĩźƿżƽśʒ ŢƔƬƛŻřƵŵŚƠŤſř ƲƿźţLJŚºŝŹŵƾĭŶºƴƴƧŹƹŵŶºƇŹŵƲƿźºţƂǀºŝŵźĩŹƹŵ ƞºƭťŵưʋǀºƥƥűưǝſƺţūƿśťƴʋƿřŷƃƶŷʒśƅưţɣƭƛ (Owusu, 2001; Wang et al., 2006; ŢſřƵŶƃƁŹřżĭżǀƳ Yazdani et al., 2013b) ƶºƙƫśɛưŵźƺưƽřƶƿÿɯţƽśʒ ƆųŚƃƽźǀĭƵŻřŶƳřŚŝ ŚºŝƶºƀƿŚƤƯŹŵƶĩŶƃƵŶƷŚƄƯƾſŚưƫřŢƄěƵźě ŜƃŹŵ ƂƷŚºĩƵŶºƃŹŚºưǀţƽřŸºƛŹŵŚƷ ƆųŚƃƾƯŚưţŶƷŚƃ ŵźƺºưźŵƶºťşƫřţºɵśƿƃƿřżɵřadɔųśƃƾƫƹŷƴťɵśƿ ƽźřŵƾƴƙưɲLjťųřžƴśſřźśưǀţźŵecdƹecirgr ƱŚºƄƳƽřźºŝƮºƸƯƆųŚºƃECIƆųŚƃŶƃƵŶƷŚƄƯ ƲŤųŚºſŹŵřŸºƛŻřƵŵŚƠŤºſřƽřźºŝƵźºƄůŢǀƬŝŚƣƱŵřŵ ƱŚºƄƳECIƂƷŚºĩ(Cohen, 2005)ŶºƃŚŝƾºƯŽŚºƯƺǀŝ ƵŵƺºţƶºŝƹƵŶºƃƽĥźºƳřƝźƇřŸƛźţƂǀŝƶĩŶƷŵ ƾƯ ƪƿŶºŞţƂƷŚĩżǀƳECDƂƷŚĩŢſřƵŶƄƳƪƿŶŞţƾƳŶŝ ƽƹźžƹŵƺųƺɛºſřžƴśſřźŧřźƌśůƶƙƫśɛưźŵ ŦŰŝ ƶĩŷƃƶŷʒśƅưƹƾſźźŝƾſśưƫřţƅěƶźě ŜƃƾĭŶƴƄĩ ŹŵŢºƟŚƿƂƿřżºƟřƾĭŶƴºƄĩžƳŚſřŢƔƬƛƂƿřżƟřŚŝ ƹhyptis suaveolens L.ƾƴƛƹŹƽŚƷžƳŚſřźǀŧŐţƾſŹźŝ ƶºƅĝƃƽƹźlamiaceaeƶźºǀţżřhyptis spicigera Lam. žƴśſřƹŵźʒƶĩŷƃɔŵƅưsitophilus granarius L. ŻřŶºƘŝŚƷ ŹŚưǀţƶưƷƹŶƴŤƃřŵƾƿLJŚŝƾƄĩƵźƄůŢǀƫŚƘƟ (Conti et al., 2010)ŶƳŶƃƞƬţŢƗŚſÏÑ Ƶźººě ŜººƃƹŹLJžƳŚººſřƽLJŚººŝƽŚººƷ ŢººƔƬƛŹŵ ŶºƃĬƳŹƵŚǀſƹƽř ƵƺƸƣŢƗŚſÏÑŻřžěƾſŚưƫř ŢƄě ŶƄƳƵŶƷŚƄƯƾƇŚųĬƳŹźǀǀƜţƲǀƿŚěŢƔƬƛŹŵƶĩ ƾƫŚůŹŵ Shojaaddini, et al. (2008)šŚºƤǀƤŰţŪƿŚŤƳŚŝŪƿŚŤƳƲƿřƶĩ žƴśſřţɣƭƛƃƿřżɵřźƌśůƃƿśưżōźŵţƃřŵţƥŝśɛư ŶºƃŚƷ ƹźljţǀƙưūźŵźǀưƹīźưƃƿřżɵřŧɨśŝƾʒśǀĭ Tripathi et al. (2000)Huang et al. (2000)šŚºƤǀƤŰţ ŶºƿƺƯżǀƳYazdani et al. (2013b)ƹSahaf et al. (2007) ƶºƙƫśɛưŵźƺºưƽśºʒžƴśºſřţɣƭƛƃƿřżɵřƶĩŵƺŝʋƿř ƝŶƷƖƣřƹŹŵŵƺƃƾƯŵřźƟřšŚƠƬţƱřżǀƯƂƿřżƟřŦƗŚŝ ŢºƸūƾºưĩƽŵŹƹōźŝƶŝƱŶǀſŹƾŬƴſŢƀƿŻƭŚŬƳřŻř ŢºſřƶƘƫŚƐƯŵŹƺƯŢǀƘưūŻřƾưǀƳŹŵźǀƯƹīźƯƲǀǀƘţ ŵƺƃƾưŵśƿlc 50 ŢƔƬƛƱřƺƴƗƶŝƱōŻřƶĩ ƱřƺºƴƗƶºŝƾƷŚºǀĭžƳŚſřƵŶƴƷŵ ƪǀƨƄţŵřƺƯƵŶưƗ řźśºʒʋěźºţ ƾŗƺĪƀſƽŹřŶƤƯƹŚƷƲěźţƺƳƺƯƂƧƵźƄů ƂºƤƳLJŚºŝŹŚǀºƀŝŢºƿŹřźƟŢºƬƗƶŝƶĩŵƺƃ ƾƯƪƯŚƃ ŚºƠƿřƾºƄĩƵźºƄůƹƾºƀƠƴţƽŚºƷ ŢºǀƫŚƘƟŹŵƽř ƵŶưƗ ƵŹŚƈƗźǀŧŐţƶƘƫŚƐƯŹŵ(Negahban et al., 2007)ŶƴƴƧƾƯ ƹƶºƿÿɯţƽĥƺºƫƺƿżǀɵƽƹźartemisia annua L.ƾƫƺƳŚŤƯ ƱƹŹŚººƳŹřƺººųī źººŝĩººſƺſƾººưƿżƴōƽśººʒ ŢºǀƫŚƘƟ ƱřżǀƯƶĩŶƃƆŴƄƯXanthogaleruca luteola (Muller) ƚƫśºŝšřźºƅůƹƭƺſʋſƹźljƽřźŝƶƿÿɯţƾĭŷƴƴĩźƹŵ ŢºƔƬƛŹŵƹƲƿźţƂǀŝÎÍŢƔƬƛŹŵŢƗŚſÏÑƾƏ

9 ÑÒÎÐîèéèéƱřźƿřƾſŚƴƃ ƵźƄůƲưŬƳřƶƯŚƳ ŶºƃŚŝƶºƿŸƜţŵŹƺºƯƽŚƷƮƿĥŹƾƿřŸƛźƇŚƴƗŹŵšƹŚƠţ źºƌśůƣǀƥűţżřƪƈśůūƿśťƴżř(rezaei et al., 2006) ƽĥƺƫƺƿżǀɵƽƹźƶƙƫśɛưŵźƺưžƴśſřƶƨŷǀưƹɵʊřƺţ ƾƯ ƹƶťºƃřÿĭźǀŧőºţƾºſśưƫřţºƅěƶźě ŜƃƽŚƷƹŹLJƵŶƘƯ ŶǀƫƺţŢſřƵŶƃŚƷƹŹLJƶƿŸƜţƽŚƷƆųŚƃźǀǀƜţŦƗŚŝ ƵźºƄůƽř ƶƿÿɯţźśťɵźśŝřÿƛʈƌʒśŝǝşţźưƽśʒʈƿżƴō ŶºƴƧ ƾºƯŹƺºŞƗƁŹřƺºĭƶºƫƺƫŻřƶƧƾƿřŸƛŹřŶƤƯƾƴƘƿ ƭŷɨƶŭǀťƴźŵƶƨŷſźƾưźɣƴƶŝƹŵźřŵƾưǀƥťƀưƍśşţźř ƂƷŚºƧřŸƛśŸūŚƷƱōŢǀƫŚƘƟƂƷŚƧƹŚƷ ƮƿżƳōƱŻřƺţ źºŝšřźƅůƾƃźřƺĭƽśʒʈƿżƴō(chapman, 1998)ŶŝŚƿ ƱřŹřŵĨºƫƺě ƩŚºŝƹŹLJŶƳƹŚƠŤƯŚƷƱōƾƿřŸƛƮƿĥŹŜƀů ƶºĩţºſřƾºƃźřƺĭƽśºʒʈƿżºƴōżřƽř ƶºɨƺưŭưƽřźřŵ ŮƐºſŶƳƺºƃ ƾƯŮƃźţƾƳŚǀƯƵŶƘƯƽŚƷƩƺƬſƶƬǀſƹ ƶŝ ƵŶºƘƯŹŵƹŵŚƿŻŹŚǀƀŝƹŹLJƾƳŚǀƯƵŶƘƯŹŵƮƿżƳōŢǀƫŚƘƟ źºǀɣƴƾƿśºʒʈƿżºƴō(dow, 1986)ŶºƃŚŝ ƾºƯƮºĩƾºŞƤƗ ŹŵŻLJŚƷźţƹŻřŶǀŤĜěƺƴǀƯōŻřŶƿŻƺĩƺƬĭŚŤŝŻLjǀƯōƲǀƀĜƿźţ ŹřŶºƤƯƲǀºƴĤưƷŶƳŹřŵŢǀƫŚƘƟŚƷ ƹźljɓźřƺĭƶśįťſŵ ŜºƫŵŶºƛƎºſƺţŻŚºţŹƺƴƿřƹŻŚºŤƫŚƯŻLjǀƯōƮƿżƳōƾưĩ ŶƳƺƃƾƯŮƃźţLJŚŝƵŹřƹŹōŵŶƛƹƲǀƿŚě żºǀƴƾưƿżƴōźǀƛšśşǀĩźţźřŷƥưźƌśůƣǀƥűţźŵ ƪºƧƲǀŘţƹźěŹřŶƤƯƶĩƽŹƺƏ ƶŝţɵźĭźřźƣƶƙƫśɛưŵźƺư ÑÕƹÏÑLC 50 ŢºƔƬƛŚºŝƵŶºƃŹŚºưǀţƽŚºƷƹŹLJƱŶºŝ ƱŚƄƳřŹƽŹřŵƾƴƘƯƂƷŚƧŚƷžƳŚſřŹŚưǀţŻřŶƘŝŢƗŚſ ŜǀºƃĨºƿHasheminia et al. (2011)ƾºſŹźŝŹŵŵřŵ ƾƷŚºǀĭƵŹŚºƈƗŹŚºưǀţŹŵƩƹźŤºƀƬĩƱřżºǀƯŹŵƾƄƷŚĩ ŢƬƗƶƧŶƴŤƃřŵƱŚǀŝEtebari et al. (2005)ŶƃƵŶƷŚƄƯ ƽśºʒžźťºſřƶŝʃƹźťƀƭĩƪũưšśşǀĩźţƾƌƙŝƃʒśĩ śÿºūʈťºƀǀſźŵɩɛƣƶŝƍƺŝźưŷƴřƺţƾưĩƿĥƺƫƺƿżǀɵ šřźŧřƾʒśǀĭƽśʒƶźśƈɨƶĩ ƾƿŚŬƳōŻřƲƿřźŝƵƹLjƗŶƃŚŝ ƶºƿÿɯţšźƺºƈźŵƹŷƴźřŵšřźƅůƽƹźƽřƶƿÿɯţŷƌ Ŷºƴƴĩ ƾºƯŵŚºŬƿřƩLjŤºųřśŸūƹƮƌƷŶƴƿōźƟŹŵżǀƳ ƶºĩřźģŷºſź ƾƯźƔƳƶŝƾƘǀŞƏƾŝźģƹƲǀŘţƹźěƂƷŚĩ ƶĩŷʒŵƾưʊśƅƴřźƶźƅůźŵŷƃźƶŝƶŷƃƶŵźƺųƽřÿƛ ƾƿřŵŻƮſƽřźŝƾƳŶŝƵŵƺţŻřƽĥźƳřƝźƇƪǀƫŵƶŝŶƿŚƃ ŶººƃŚŝƾƷŚººǀĭžƳŚººſřƾưººſźººŧřƶººŝŲººſŚěŹŵ ƹźljźŵrgrƃʒśºĩ(silveira Ramos et al., 2009) ŚºƷƩŚºĪǀưĩƺƬƫōƾưſźŧřƪǀƫŵƶŝŢſřƲĪưƯƵŶƃŹŚưǀţ ƵŶºƘƯŮƐſƽŚƷƩƺƬſƶŝšŹŚƀųƹƵŶƘƯƽŚƄƛƽƹŹ ƆųŚƃƥŶƳřƂƿřżƟř(Marie et al., 2009)ŶƃŚŝƾƳŚǀƯ Hyblaea puera CramerƽŚƷƹŹLJŹŵƾŞƀƳƮƌƷŢǀƬŝŚƣ ƎºſƺţŶºƳŵƺŝƵŶƃŹŚưǀţƲǀŤųřźƿŵřŻōÑŢƔƬƛŚŝƶƧ ƲºƿřŶƃƁŹřżĭżǀƳSenthil Nathan & Sehoon (2006) ƽśʒƹźljźŵƹòóöïźśưǀţţűţƽśʒƹźljźŵɔųśƃ ƹbroadway & Duffey (1988)ŵƺºŝÒÍÎÓŶƷŚºƃ ƽřÿººƛƪƿŷººşţƾƿřźśººƨʊřżººǀưhuang et al. (2004) šŷºƃƶºŝřźƶźºƅůžśưƺǀŝƶŝƶŷƃʈƌʒƹƶŷƃ ƵŵŹƺų ƽśºʒƹźljźŵŷƴƴřŵƾưƶŷƙưƽśʒʈƿżƴōţǀƫśƙɵƶŝƶťƀŝřƹ ŻřƶºƧCnaphalocrocis medinalis GueneeƭŹŚºƸģƲſ ƭƺƭǀºƀƨƀƿŵʋěźºţƽźºţšśşǀƨźţśŝƶŷƃ ŹŚưǀţƽŚƷīźŝ šśºşǀƨźţʋƿřţɣƭƛƃƿřżɵřśŝŷƃźűźƴŷƴŵźƨƶƿÿɯţ żºǀƴřÿƛɲźƈưűźƴƃʒśƨśŝƶĩţɵśƿƃʒśƨšŷƃƶŝ ŶºƋŢºǀƫŚƘƟƶºŬǀŤƳŹŵŶƿŚºƃƂƷŚºƧƲºƿřŵƺŝƵřźưƷ ƂƷŚºƧƽřźºŝƾƸūƺºƯƪºǀƫŵƶƧŶƃŚŝŚƷƲěźţƽř ƶƿÿɯţ LJŚºŝŵƺºƃ ƾºƯśƺƀŰƯżǀƳŚƷƹŹLJŶƃŹűźƳŹŵƵŶưƗ ƱŚºƄƳŶƿŚƃżǀƳƵŶƃƵŵŹƺųƽřŸƛƾƿōŹŚĩƆųŚƃƱŵƺŝ ƲǀǀƘţƽřźŝƆųŚƃƲƿřřźƿŻŶƃŚŝƱŚŝżǀƯƵŚǀĭŢǀŝƺƬƐƯ ƾƿōŹŚºĩ(Koul et al., 2004)ŵƹŹƾºƯŹŚºĩƶŝřŸƛŢǀƠǀĩ ƽřÿºƛżřƾƅŵŝƶŷƴƴĩɔŵƅưƶŷƃʈƌʒƽřÿƛƪƿŷşţ ŵƺºƃ ƾºƯƪƿŶŞţƵźƄůŽŚƯƺǀŝƶŝƶĩŢſřƵŶƃśŸū ƶºŝŷºƴřƺţƾưƶŷƃʈƌʒƽřÿƛƪƿŷşţƾƿōźśĩʊŵƺŝʋǀƿśě ŶºƃŚŝƵźºƄůŻŚǀƳŵŹƺƯƾƿřŸƛźƇŚƴƗŵƺūƹƭŶƗƪǀƫŵ ƽřźºŝƶºĩţſřƾƈųśƃƾĭŷƴƺƃʈƌʒƾşƿźƥţţǀƭŝśƣ ŵƹźƾưźśĩƶŝƶźƅůʊŷŝźŵřÿƛśÿūţƫƺƹſʋǀưŵţ ŻřŢſřƲĪưƯƾĭŶƳƺƃƮƌƷƾŞƿźƤţŢǀƬŝŚƣŹŵšƹŚƠţ

10 ƹźǀưƹ īźưźŵlavandula angustifoliažƹŵƺųƺɛſřžƴśſřƾƿōźśĩʊřźśƨưʒƹƾƴśƹơƈřźƈƴñó ƮƿżºƳōŢºǀƫŚƘƟƂƷŚĩŢƬƗZibaee & Bandani, 2010) żǀƫƹźŷºǀʒƶºĩŷƃśŝżǀƴʊśʒśǀĭƾɨśɵŵšśşǀĩźţŷƴřƺţ ƾƯ Ŝ޺ſřŹšřźºƄůŹŵŻŚºŘţƹźěƹŻLjǀºƯōŚƠƫōƽŚƷƮƿżƳō ƾƴƛƱŚƷŚǀĭƲƿřźŝƵƹLjƗ(Franco et al., 2002)ŶƳƺƃƾƯ ƲƿřźŝŚºƴŝŶƴŤºƀƷƽŻŚºŘţƹźěƹƽŻLjǀƯōƽŚƷƵŶƳŹřŵŻŚŝŻř īźºưƾºťůƹƾºưƿżƴōźśºƹưŝşſƶŷƙưƶŝśʒʊōŵƹźƹ ƲºƿřżŤƴºſƩƺŘºƀƯƶºĩŵƺºƃƾºƯƾƯƺºǀƬŤǀěřƽŚƷƩƺƬſ ŻŚºĜǀƫƹŻLjǀºƯōƽŚºƷƮƿżºƳōŵŹƺƯŹŵŶƴƃŚŝƾƯŚƷƮƿżƳō ŹŚºƸƯƾƗƺºƳƵŶºƴƷŵƱŚƄƳŶƳřƺţ ƾƯŚƷƱōŢǀƫŚƘƟƂƿřżƟř ŢºǀƫŚƘƟŚƿƹƾƷŚǀĭƵŹŚƈƗƎſƺţƾưƿżƳōźƿŸěŢƄĭźŝ ŚƯřŶƃŚŝƮƿżƳōźţƂǀŝŮƃźţŚŝƵŶƘƯƽŚƷƩƺƬſƾƳřźŞū ŹƺƔƴƯƲƿřƽřźŝƽźţƂǀŝƱŚƯŻľLJŚưŤůřŻŚŘţƹźěŵŹƺƯŹŵ ŢſřŻŚǀƳ ƵŶºƴƴĩżǀƫƹŹŶºǀƷƽŚƷ ƮƿżƳō(ALPs)ŚƷ ŻŚţŚƠƀƟƲǀƫŚĪƫō ŚºƷ ƩƺºĪƫƺƯƕřƺºƳřŹŵřŹšŚƠºƀƟƵƹźºĭƝŸůƶĩŶƴŤƀƷ ŶƳŹřŵƵŶƸƗźŝŚƷ ŶǀŗƺƫŚĪƫōƹŚƷ ƲǀŘţƹźěŚƷ ŶǀƳƺĪǀƳƺŘƳƪƯŚƃ ŢºǀƫŚƘƟƹƽř ƶºƿÿɯţƽśʒ ƆųŚƃƾưſƾƿŚǀưǀƃšŚŞǀĩźţ (Yoshitake et al., 1966; ŶººƴƷŵ ƾººƯƂƷŚººĩřŹALP šśººƥǀƥűţūƿśººťƴƣººşəeguchi & Iwamoto, 1975) ƵŶºƃŹŚưǀţŪƳźºŝƵŚǀĭSenthil Nathan & Sehoon (2006) ŹŵřŹALPŢǀƫŚƘƟŮƐſMelia azedarach JussƵŹŚƈƗŚŝ ƶººƿÿɯţʋǀººƴĥưʒŵřŵƃʒśººĩc. medinalisƶźººě Ŝºƃ Ricinus communis L.ƽƹŹSpodoptera litura Fabricius ƲºƿřƱřżºǀƯƲǀĮƳŚǀƯƂƷŚĩŜŞſƲǀŤųřźƿŵřŻōŚŝƵŶƃ ŹŚưǀţ Shekari et al. (2008)ŶºƃŹŚưǀţŻřŶƘŝŢƗŚſÏÑƮƿżƳō ÑÕřŹƱōŶƿŶºƃƂƿřżºƟřƹŢƗŚºſçÑřŹALPƂƷŚĩ řźƃƿřżºɵřţºƭɨƹŷƴŵźĩɓźřżĭźśưǀţżřŷƙŝţɨśſ ŹŵƶºŤŞƫřŶƴŤºƀƳřŵƾºƿřŵŻ ƮſŢǀƫŚƘƟŹŵƱōƱŶƃźǀĭŹŵ ŶƘŝŢƗŚſÑíƹçÑALPŢǀƫŚƘƟƂƷŚĩźƋŚůƢǀƤŰţ ƪºǀƫŵƶºŝŶºƳřƺţƾºƯƂƷŚĩƲƿřƶĩŶƃƵŶƷŚƄƯŹŚưǀţŻř śÿūƹʈƌʒƾƿřźśĩśŝʈƿżƴōʋƿřţǀƫśƙɵʈǀƥťƀưƶɛŝřź (Senthil Nathan & Sehoon, 2006)ŶƃŚŝ ƹʋǀřţƹźěżřŵƺųƾƙǀşəƽśʒţǀƫśƙɵƶưřŵřţƹūƶźƅů ŵźƺưŷƴĩƾưƶŵśơťſřƾŝźģƭśƀūřźŵƶŷƃƶźǀųŷƾŝźģ ŹŵƵŶºƃŵŚºƿŵřƺºƯƂƷŚºĩŜǀºƃƪºǀƫŵŶºƳřƺţƾƯźǀųř ŶƃŚŝŽƹŵƺųƺƐſřŚŝƵŶƃŹŚưǀţƽŚƷ ƶƴƺưƴ ŚºƠƫōŢºǀƫŚƘƟřŸƛśŸūƹƶƿŸƜţƱřżǀƯƂƿřżƟřŚŝ (Hori, 1968; ŶºŝŚƿƾºƯƂƿřżºƟřƵŶºƘƯŢºƟŚŝŹŵŻLjǀƯō ƮƿżºƳōŢǀƫŚƘƟšƹŚƠţChristopher & Mathavan, 1985) ƶºŝʊřƺºţƾưřźƺưƴƹƺƅƴƞƭťŵưƪůřźưźŵżLjǀưōśơƫō (Hori, 1973)ŵřŵŢŞƀƳƶƿŸƜţƱřżǀƯƹƕƺƳŶƴƳŚƯƾƬƯřƺƗ ŹŚºưǀţŻřŶƘŝŢƗŚſÑíƮƿżƳōƱřżǀƯźƋŚůƢǀƤŰţŹŵ ŹŚưǀţŹŵƾƫƹŢƟŚƿƂƿřżƟřŶƷŚƃŹŵŢƗŚſçÑƶŝŢŞƀƳ ŚŝƶĩŵřŵƱŚƄƳŶƷŚƃƶŝŢŞƀƳƽŹřŵƾƴƘƯƂƷŚĩžƳŚſř ƹhasheminia et al. (2011)Shekari et al. (2008)ŪƿŚŤƳ ƾƿŚƷƮƿżƳōŚƷ ŻŚĜǀƫŢƃřŵŢƤŝŚƐƯYazdani et al. (2013a) ƽśºʒʃƺºīƭưƾūźśųƽśʒŷƴƺǀěżǀƫƹźŷǀʒźŵƶĩŷƴťƀʒ ƾĪƿĥƺºƫƺƿżǀƟƽŚºƷ ŶºƴƿōźƟŻřƽŹŚǀƀŝŹŵżǀƳƹƾŝźģ ƾſŚſřƾƄƤƳƾƗŚƟŵƽŚƷƱĥƺţŚěƹƪŨƯŶǀƫƺţŶƃŹƪŨƯ ƂƷŚºĩŹŚºưǀţŻřŶºƘŝŢƗŚſçÑŻŚĜǀƫƱřżǀƯŹŵŶƳŹřŵ šśºƥǀƥűţżřƪƈśůūƿśťƴśŝƶĩŷƃƶŷʒśƅưƽźřŵƾƴƙư Yazdani et al. (2013a)ƹHasheminia et al. (2011) ƱŚƄƳSenthil Nathan & Sehoon (2006)ŢƃřŵŢƤŝŚƐƯ šśºşǀĩźţśºŝc. medinalisƶźºěŝºƃźśºưǀţƶºĩŷºƴŵřŵ ƂƷŚĩřŹƾƳŚǀƯƵŶƘƯŹŵŻŚĜǀƫŢǀƫŚƘƟƮǀƳƹƲǀŤųřźƿŵřŻō ƂºƤƳƽŶºǀŤĜěƽŚºƷ ŶºƳƺǀěżǀƫƹŹŶºǀƷŚºŝŚƷŻŚŘţƹźěŵřŵ ƶºŝśºʒʊōƪƿŷºşţƹšřźºƅůźŵřÿºƛʈƌʒźŵƾſśſř (Terra & Ferriera, 2005)ŶºƳŹřŵƶƏƺŝźƯŠƴǀƯōƽŚƷŶǀſř ƮƿżºƳōŢºǀƫŚƘƟƱřżºǀƯƶĩŶƃƵŶƷŚƄƯźƋŚůƢǀƤŰţŹŵ ŽƹŵƺųƺƐſřžƳŚſřŚŝƵŶƃŹŚưǀţƽŚƷ ƹźljźŵżśřţƹźě šśºşǀĩźţţºɵśƿƃʒśºĩźśưǀţżřŷƙŝţɨśſñíƹçñ ŚºƷŻŚºŘţƹźěŻřƾºƇŚųƕƺƳŶǀƫƺţŻřŢſřƲĪưƯƾƷŚǀĭ ƽśººʒʋǀřţƹźººěŷººƴƴřƺťƴƶººŭǀťƴźŵƹƶŵźººĩţººƙƴśưư (Senthil Nathan et al., 2008; ŶƴƴĩƮƌƷřŹƵŶƃƵŵŹƺų

11 ÑÔÎÐîèéèéƱřźƿřƾſŚƴƃ ƵźƄůƲưŬƳřƶƯŚƳ ƲºƿřŢºǀƫŚƘƟƶºƧŶºƃƆŴºƄƯƹƾſŹźŝƲǀŤųřźƿŵřŻō ŢºƟŚƿƂƷŚºƧƲǀŤųřźºƿŵřŻōŢºƔƬƛƂƿřżºƟřŚºŝƮƿżƳō ŢººǀƫŚƘƟŹŵźººǀǀƜţ(Senthil Nathan et al., 2008) žƴśºſřśºŝƶŷºƃźśºưǀţƽśʒƹźljźŵƾƃźřƺĭƽśʒ ƮƿżƳō ŮƐºſƽƹŹŢºſřƲºƨưƯžƳŚºſřƶĩŵřŵƱŚƄƳƾƷŚǀĭ ŶƃŚŝƶŤƃřŵźǀŧŐţŚƷƱōŢǀƫŚƘƟƱřżǀƯƹŚƷƮƿżƳō ƾĭŶƴºƄƧšřźŧřƽřŹřŵŽƹŵƺųƺƐſřƵŚǀĭžƳŚſř ƾºſŚưƫřŢºƄěƵźºě ŜºƃƽƹŹƽř ƶºƿÿɯţŷƌƅřƺųƹ ƵŵŚƠŤºſřŵŹƺºƯžƳŚſřƶĩŶƷŵƾƯƱŚƄƳŪƿŚŤƳƲƿřŢſř ƾºƄĩƹŹLJšřźŧřƽřŹřŵLJŚŝƽŚƷŢƔƬƛŹŵƶĪƴƿřźŝ ƵƹLjƗ ƶºŝźŭƴưŷƴřƺţƾưżǀƴƶŷƴƅĩźƿżƽśʒ ŢƔƬƛŹŵŶƃŚŝƾƯ ƂƷŚĩƱōƾěŹŵƹŵƺƃƶƿŸƜţƂƷŚĩƹƾĭŶƴƴĩŹƹŵźŧř řźƞǀƙºƌƪºưśĩšřźƅůʊŷưōŵƺūƹƶŝƹśʒ ƹźljʊżƹ ƽźƿÿºěśƴţºƅĭźŝšřźŧřʋǀƴĥưʒŷƃśŝƶťƃřŵƶřźưʒ ƶŝ řÿºƫţºƃřŵŷʒřƺųřŵż ƮſƽŚƷƮƿżƳōƹƮƀǀƫƺŝŚŤƯƽƹŹ ƶºťɵźĭšźƺºƈšśºƙƫśɛưƹźºƌśůiºſźźŝƶŝƶūƺţśŝ ƶºƴƺĭžƹŵƺųƺɛſřƾƿƹźřŵƶśǀĭʋǀƥƥűưźƿśſǝſƺţ ƩźºŤƴĩŢƸūŹŵźŤƄǀŝįŚƷİſŹźŝįřźŝİŞſŚƴƯİƷŚǀĭ įŷºǀƭĩšśºɵōźƿśºſiťůƹiſśưƫř ŢƄěƵźěŜƃŢƟō ŶƃŚŝİƯźĮƿŵ ƶºĩţºſřŵż ƮºſƽŚºƷ ƮƿżƳōƲƿźţ ƮƸƯŻřƾĪƿŻřźŤſř ƵŶºƸƗźŝřŹƾƿŚǀưǀƃšŚŞǀĩźţŹŵĨƿźŤſřƽŚƷ ŶƳŚŝżǀƫƹŹŶǀƷ ƱƺǀţŚţƺƬĭƮƿżƳō.(Hemingway & Karunatne, 1998)ŵŹřŵ ƶººŝţººưƹśƥưźŵƾººưƹưƃººƥƴżººǀƴżřźơººƀƴřźţžř ƢºǀƤŰţŹŵ(Zibaee et al., 2009)ŵŹřŵŚºƷ Ƃºĩ ƵźºƄů ŹŵŻřźƠºƀƳřźţŽřƱƺǀţŚºţƺƬĭƹŻřźŤºſřŢǀƫŚƘƟźƋŚů Zibaee & Bandani (2010)ŢºƟŚƿƂƷŚºĩžƳŚſřŹŚưǀţ ƹƾºſźźŝƭŷºƴĭʋºſƽƹźa. annuaƶźśºƈɨţǀưºſ ŻřźƠºƀƳřźţŽřƱƺǀţŚºţƺƬĭƹŻřźŤºſřƶƧŶƳŵźĩƵŶƷŚƄƯ ŶºƳřŵƱŚºƄƳƵŹŚºƈƗŹŚưǀţŻřŶƘŝŢƗŚſçÑřŹƂƿřżƟř ƵźƄůľLJŚưŤůřƶƧŶƴƴƧ ƾƯƱŚǀŝBen Jannet et al. (2001) ƽĥźƴřřŵżʈſƽśʒ ƮƿżƳōŢǀƫŚƘƟƂƿřżƟřƹƾƿřŵŻƮſƽřźŝ ƂƷŚƧƶŝźŬƴƯƽĥźƳřƝźƈƯƲƿřƹŶƴƧ ƾƯƝźƇƽŵŚƿŻ ƪºŨƯŶºǀƫƺţƂƷŚºƧŚºƿƹƾĭŶºƳŻƵŹƹŵƩƺƏƂƿřżƟřŚƿ ŚŝƶƧOstrinia furnacalis GueneeƽŚƷƹŹLJŹŵŵƺƃƾƯ ƱƺǀţŚºţƺƬĭƮƿżºƳōŢǀƫŚƘƟŶƳŵƺŝƵŶƃŹŚưǀţƱƺƬƴǀƀƧřźƟ ŵźƨƴźǀǀɯţƾưƺưɨƽśʒżřźťſřʋǀƴĥưʒƹżřźơƀƴřźţžř ŹŵŻřźŤſřƲǀƫƺƧƪǀŤſřƮƿżƳōŢǀƫŚƘƟ(Liu et al., 2008) Nilaparvata lugens StalƽřƵƺºƸƣƥźŬƳŻƚƫŚŝšřźƄů ƭřƾºě ƾºěåÒƹåçÒåæƽŚºƷ ŢºƔƬƛŚºŝƵŶƃ ŹŚưǀţ ƖŝŚƴƯ Ankersmit, G. W. (1953) DDT resistance in Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) (Lepidoptera) in Java. Bulletin of Entomological Research 44, Ben Jannet, H., H-Skhiri, F., Migthri, Z., Simmonds, M. S. J. & Blaney, W. M. (2001) Antifeedant activity of plant extracts and of new natural diglyceride compounds isolated from Ajuga pseudoiva leaves against Spodoptera litturalis larvae. Industrial Crops and Products 14, Bernfeld, P. (1955) Amylases, á and â. Methods in Enzymology 1, Bessey, O. A., Lowry O. H. & Brock, M. J. (1946) A method for the rapid determination of alkaline phosphatase with five cubic millimeters of serum. Journal of Biology Chemistry 164, Bosly, A. H. (2013) Evaluation of insecticidal activities of Mentha piperita and Lavandula angustifolia essential oils against house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). Journal of Entomology and Nematology 5(4), Broadway, R. M. & Duffey, S. S. (1988) The effect of plant protein quality on insect digestive physiology and the toxicity of plant proteinase inhibitors. Journal of Insect Physiology 34, Cavanagh, H. M. & Wilkinson, J. M. (2005) Lavender essential oil: a review. Australian Infection Control 10,

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